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Off Grid Battery System (Off Grid)
     Off grid systems can be called island systems, off grid systems or battery systems. The basic equipment used in the system are solar panel, battery, charge controller, inverter and tracker. In places where there is no mains line or a functional electrical network, the healthiest solution is to install an off grid system that is calculated correctly according to the need. The installation of battery-powered systems in places where there is a power line increases the system cost and increases the system turnaround times. For this reason, the places where these systems are installed are mostly places where there is no mains electricity or more than 800m away from the transmission line. Especially in plateau-mountain houses, farms, signaling systems, remote information systems (highway signage), base stations, etc. This type of setup is common. Removing the transmission line to such places creates a serious cost of transformer, pole and cable. The most important advantages of the systems are;

• It is an economical solution in case of no network,
• Affordable and feasible compared to the installation cost of the grid connection,
• No fuel costs,
• Qualified but few personnel are sufficient for installation,
• Its installation time is short,
• Systems can be increased according to energy needs
• Systems can be installed in stages, so there are flexible installation costs.

The points to be considered while designing the system can be listed as follows:

• The first thing to do is to replace the equipment available at the place where the system will be used, with economical products. This will reduce the amount of energy consumed. In some applications, system costs are thus reduced by half.

• Then, what should be known is how much daily consumption is. In order for this to be calculated, it is necessary to list which household appliances are operated for approximately how many hours a day in the installation site. Thanks to this list, the daily/weekly energy need of the house will be determined and the system calculation will be carried out in line with this information.

• Preliminary work at the place where the system will be installed is important in terms of installation design and determination of connection equipment. In addition, the presence of objects-structures that can cast shadows on the panels at the installation site should be carefully examined. In addition to this information, if the panels are to be lined up one after the other, the distance between the panels should be chosen appropriately and the panels should not be shaded on each other.

• Whether the place where the system is designed is a summer house or a place of residence throughout the year also seriously affects the system design and costs. If it is a place to be used all year round, the panel design is made according to the worst seasonal conditions.

• If the place used is a seasonal or summer house, the first thing to know is between which months the house is used. In the sizing, system calculations are made based on the radiation values in the summer months.

• In this case, the calculated system cost corresponds to almost half of the system cost made according to bad conditions. The design should be calculated according to the usage period and season so that the system cost should be optimized.

• It is important to choose the appropriate power inverter while designing the system. According to the devices to be used, the inverter should be calculated with the voltage and power appropriate for the amount of energy taken instantly. The most important point to be considered in the inverter to be selected is that the devices used (motorized appliances such as refrigerators) are strong enough to handle the inrush current. The inrush current can be up to 3-4 times the nominal current. The inverter supply should be strong enough to handle this current according to the characteristics of the device.

• If the area where the system will be installed will be a roof, the roof direction and slope should be calculated in detail. The construction to be installed must be mounted in such a way that it does not damage the roof insulation. If the system is to be installed in the garden, it can be mounted with fixed feet or by installing systems that follow the sun. Depending on whether the tracker is uniaxial or biaxial, the amount of energy produced can be increased by 15-35%.

• Preservation of battery groups is very important for the life of the batteries. For this reason, while designing the batteries, besides the autonomy period, the place where the batteries will be placed should be seriously considered. The airy place where the batteries are placed is very effective in preventing the heating of the batteries.

• During the transfer of energy as DC, the amount of energy lost can reach quite significant amounts as the distance increases. For this reason, the distance between the devices (solar panel-battery-inverter) to be used should be minimum. In addition, cables of appropriate cross-section should be used.
After the system calculation is completed, the autonomy period will be determined according to the annual/seasonal use of the house and the energy need of the house.